{"id":3894,"date":"2020-10-30T19:06:06","date_gmt":"2020-10-30T22:06:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/smartcherry.cl\/?p=3894"},"modified":"2022-03-23T12:33:03","modified_gmt":"2022-03-23T15:33:03","slug":"fitohormonas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/smartcherry.cl\/en\/opinion-expertos\/fitohormonas\/","title":{"rendered":"Gibberellic acid in cherry production: theoretical bases and experiences in Chile."},"content":{"rendered":"

By Ing. Agr. Jorge Lundstedt, Assistant Manager GTM Norte UPL Chile and Agr. Engineer. M.Sc. Carlos Tapia, Advisor and Technical Director Avium Spa. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Phytohormones are chemical messengers involved in a wide spectrum of physiological and biochemical processes of higher plants at very low concentrations. Conventionally, phytohormones are classified into five classes: auxins, abscisic acid, cytokinins, gibberellins and ethylene, as well as their precursors and synthesized analogues. In the 19th century, Charles Darwin first suggested that certain chemical compounds are capable of stimulating crop growth. Since then, a great deal of work has been done to study the stimulating impact of phytohormones on the quantity and quality of crops and vegetables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

GIBBERELINS<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Gibberellins (gibberellic acid (GA)) were discovered in studies on the ascomycete fungus Gibberella fujikuroi<\/em> in rice plants, which were later isolated and named gibberellins \u0410 and \u0412 and subsequently detected in extracts of the seaweed genus Fucus<\/em> L. Most gibberellins are acids and are indicated as GA (gibberellic acid) followed by a number corresponding to the order in which the gibberellin was discovered. GA1, GA3, GA4, GA5, GA6 and GA7 are the most active forms, and the rest are their precursors. Furthermore, the number of gibberellins in plants can reach up to 136 types, while only a minority of them are biologically active. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

SINK EFFECT AND CALIBER IN CHERRIES<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Attractive, good-sized, firm, uncracked cherries with long, hydrated pedicels are desirable conditions for consumers and, therefore, preferred by producers. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The recent increase in cherry production worldwide has placed a new importance on fruit quality and maintaining quality throughout the supply chain. However, with the adoption of early size-controlling rootstocks, there is a tendency for the fruit-to-leaf ratio of the tree to become excessive, leading to high yields of poor quality fruit (Whiting and Lang 2004; Whiting et al. 2005). An alternative approach to thinning to improve source-sink balance and fruit quality is to manipulate source-sink activity with exogenous plant growth regulators. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this sense, gibberellic acid (GA3) is used to increase the hardness and size of the fruit, both in self-fertile and cross-pollinated varieties. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Exogenous application of phytohormones may be useful to return metabolic activities to normal levels. At a certain concentration, GA3 has been shown to be beneficial to the physiology and metabolism of many plants subjected to, for example, abiotic stress, as it may provide a mechanism to regulate the metabolic process based on antioxidant and sugar signaling enzymes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The responses in fruit quality and characteristics obtained with GA3 applications are variable. Cherries treated with GA3 will be firmer, larger, and heavier compared to controls, as demonstrated by several studies (Basak et al., 1998; Choi et al., 2002; Clayton et al., 2006; Facteau, 1984, 1986; Facteau et al., 1985a, 1985b; Horvitz et al., 2003; Kappel and MacDonald, 2002; Kupferman, 1989; Sive and Resnizky, 1988).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fruit growth depends on the accumulation of dry matter and water and is determined, and may be limited, by its source-sink capacity and the availability of metabolites in the plant. The sink capacity of the fruit is considered the dominant factor in the competition for photoassimilates and is initially determined by the quality of the flower and the number of flowers formed on the tree (Guardiola., 1997).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It should be further noted that some of the responses of cherries to exogenous applications of GA3 could probably also respond to environmental factors such as temperature, precipitation, humidity, water condition, nutrition and light (Facteau et al., 1985) or to the use of different varieties (Usenik et al., 2005). The timing of application and the dose may also be important.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

EXPERIENCES IN CHILE<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Various works carried out by Avium SpA have demonstrated the great impact that the use of GA3 as a complement to the nutritional program in cherry trees has on the most influential factors in their productive potential, such as Soluble Solids, Dry Matter and Hardness (Durofel), where each of these parameters have been directly and positively influenced by exogenous applications of GA3. (Tapia, C. 2015).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Similarly, as shown in Tables 1 and 2, regarding the size and weight of the fruit, as well as the size distribution, the effect of complementary applications of GA3 has been shown to have a clear positive impact on the aforementioned parameters (Tapia, C. 2015), highlighting larger sizes and weights of the fruit on average, as well as a clear shift in the size curve towards the most commercially attractive sizes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The treatments (15, 30 and 45 ppm) were carried out on the Lapins variety, with cultural management of an orchard for export fruit and standardizing all treatments according to their specific load. The application of AG3 in all treatments was carried out at the straw-colored stage\/beginning of veraison using a cover according to 100% of the canopy volume of the treated orchard. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 1<\/strong>. Effects of GA3 application on fruit diameter and weight, cv. Lapins (Tapia, C. 2015)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Table 2<\/strong>. Effects of GA3 application on fruit size, cv. Lapins (Tapia, C. 2015)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the weight and diameter responses of fruit (Table 1), all treatments have differences with the control without application, regardless of the concentration of use in each one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, when analyzing the distribution of sizes (Table 2), there are significant differences for each treatment when analyzing each size category according to the range of equatorial fruit diameter, but at the same time there is a direct relationship to the concentration of use, having a higher proportion of fruit above the Jumbo size (> 26 mm) as the concentration of use in ppm increases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In conclusion, exogenous applications of Gibberellic Acid of the GA3 type, after the straw-yellow colour breaking stage (stage III\/beginning of veraison), increases the size and hardness of the fruit, optimising the source-sink activity of the fruit. Finally, in relation to the concentrations to be used, as already mentioned, these will depend largely on environmental factors such as temperature, precipitation, humidity, water and nutritional conditions and light (Facteau et al., 1985) as well as the use of different varieties (Usenik et al., 2005).<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Por Ing. Agr. Jorge Lundstedt, Subgerente GTM Norte UPL Chile e Ing. Agr. M.Sc. Carlos Tapia, Asesor y Director T\u00e9cnico Avium Spa. Las fitohormonas son mensajeros qu\u00edmicos involucrados en un […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3915,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[437,26,27],"tags":[],"category_proveedor":[],"pais":[],"class_list":["post-3894","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-industria","category-reguladores-de-crecimiento","category-opinion-expertos"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n\u00c1cido Giber\u00e9lico en la producci\u00f3n de cerezas: bases te\u00f3ricas y experiencias en Chile. - Smartcherry<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Las fitohormonas son mensajeros qu\u00edmicos involucrados en un amplio espectro de procesos fisiol\u00f3gicos y bioqu\u00edmicos de plantas superiores a concentraciones muy bajas. Convencionalmente, las fitohormonas se clasifican en cinco clases: auxinas, \u00e1cido absc\u00edsico, citoquininas, giberelinas y etileno, as\u00ed como sus precursores y an\u00e1logos sintetizados. En el siglo XIX, Charles Darwin sugiri\u00f3 por primera vez que ciertos compuestos qu\u00edmicos son capaces de estimular el crecimiento de los cultivos. Desde entonces, se ha realizado un gran trabajo para estudiar el impacto estimulante de las fitohormonas en la cantidad y calidad de cultivos y hortalizas.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/smartcherry.cl\/en\/opinion-expertos\/fitohormonas\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u00c1cido Giber\u00e9lico en la producci\u00f3n de cerezas: bases te\u00f3ricas y experiencias en Chile.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Las fitohormonas son mensajeros qu\u00edmicos involucrados en un amplio espectro de procesos fisiol\u00f3gicos y bioqu\u00edmicos de plantas superiores a concentraciones muy bajas. Convencionalmente, las fitohormonas se clasifican en cinco clases: auxinas, \u00e1cido absc\u00edsico, citoquininas, giberelinas y etileno, as\u00ed como sus precursores y an\u00e1logos sintetizados. En el siglo XIX, Charles Darwin sugiri\u00f3 por primera vez que ciertos compuestos qu\u00edmicos son capaces de estimular el crecimiento de los cultivos. 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Convencionalmente, las fitohormonas se clasifican en cinco clases: auxinas, \u00e1cido absc\u00edsico, citoquininas, giberelinas y etileno, as\u00ed como sus precursores y an\u00e1logos sintetizados. En el siglo XIX, Charles Darwin sugiri\u00f3 por primera vez que ciertos compuestos qu\u00edmicos son capaces de estimular el crecimiento de los cultivos. Desde entonces, se ha realizado un gran trabajo para estudiar el impacto estimulante de las fitohormonas en la cantidad y calidad de cultivos y hortalizas.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/smartcherry.cl\/opinion-expertos\/fitohormonas\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/smartcherry.cl\/opinion-expertos\/fitohormonas\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/smartcherry.cl\/opinion-expertos\/fitohormonas\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/smartcherry.cl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/foto-smartcherry1.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/smartcherry.cl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/foto-smartcherry1.jpg","width":1429,"height":530},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/smartcherry.cl\/opinion-expertos\/fitohormonas\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/smartcherry.cl\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Opini\u00f3n de expertos","item":"https:\/\/smartcherry.cl\/category\/opinion-expertos\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"\u00c1cido Giber\u00e9lico en la producci\u00f3n de cerezas: bases te\u00f3ricas y experiencias en Chile."}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/smartcherry.cl\/#website","url":"https:\/\/smartcherry.cl\/","name":"Smartcherry","description":"Smartcherry Site","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/smartcherry.cl\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/smartcherry.cl\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/smartcherry.cl\/#organization","name":"SmartCherry","url":"https:\/\/smartcherry.cl\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/smartcherry.cl\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/smartcherry.cl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/logo_smartcherry.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/smartcherry.cl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/logo_smartcherry.png","width":411,"height":84,"caption":"SmartCherry"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/smartcherry.cl\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/web.facebook.com\/SmartCherry.cl\/","https:\/\/x.com\/SmartCherry_cl","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/smartcherry\/","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/smartcherry_cl\/","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCe007LfgFFnntDgCcqICbPQ"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/smartcherry.cl\/#\/schema\/person\/e8c5069b63c37d3d2c3ebbbb7754c14e","name":"Smartcherry Admin","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/smartcherry.cl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/smartcherry-admin-user-96x96.png","url":"https:\/\/smartcherry.cl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/smartcherry-admin-user-96x96.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/smartcherry.cl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/smartcherry-admin-user-96x96.png","caption":"Smartcherry Admin"},"url":"https:\/\/smartcherry.cl\/en\/author\/admin\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/smartcherry.cl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3894","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/smartcherry.cl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/smartcherry.cl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/smartcherry.cl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/smartcherry.cl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3894"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/smartcherry.cl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3894\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/smartcherry.cl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3915"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/smartcherry.cl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3894"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/smartcherry.cl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3894"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/smartcherry.cl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3894"},{"taxonomy":"category_proveedor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/smartcherry.cl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/category_proveedor?post=3894"},{"taxonomy":"pais","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/smartcherry.cl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pais?post=3894"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}